Electromagnetism

• What Are Bound Charges in a Dielectric Material?
  Bound charges arise from dielectric polarization: their volume density is minus the divergence of polarization, and their surface density is its outward normal component.
• What Happens Atomically When Batteries Are Connected in Series?
  In a series connection, each battery’s chemical reactions contribute energy per unit charge, so aligned emfs add to give a larger total voltage.